Consideraciones éticas en la investigación etnográfica institucional

Artículo de revisión que responde al objetivo de identificar las principales consideraciones éticas que los investigadores han de contemplar en el desarrollo de una investigación etnográfica institucional. Se realizó una revisión del estado del arte, analizando 298 tesis de posgrado. Tras la aplicación de criterios de inclusión, exclusión y eliminación de duplicados, quedaron 14 documentos, los que conformaron la muestra final. Las consideraciones éticas identificadas se estructuraron en tres grupos "planificación y aspectos metodológicos", "recolección de los datos" y "análisis, presentación de los resultados y manejo de los datos tras la finalización del estudio". Los resultados identificados se asocian a la esencia distintiva de la etnografía institucional como enfoque incipiente, pues uno de los aspectos que se aprenden en dicha etnografía es el sentido de observar cómo las personas organizan las cosas, lo que está directamente asociado a la forma de recolección de los datos desarrollada por el investigador. Conclusión: se identificaron 22 consideraciones, siendo la recolección de los datos la que presentó más elementos descritos; se revela la importancia del anonimato de los informantes, terceros involucrados y de la misma institución donde se desarrolla el estudio, pues fue la principal consideración ética distintiva del enfoque incipiente.

This review article aims to identify the primary ethical considerations researchers must have in conducting institutional ethnographic research. A state-of-the-art review was conducted, analyzing 298 theses/dissertations. After applying inclusion, exclusion, and duplicate elimination criteria, 14 documents formed the final sample. The ethical considerations identified were structured into three groups: "planning and methodological aspects," "data collection," and "analysis, result presentation, and data management after study completion." The results identified are associated with the distinctive essence of institutional ethnography as an incipient approach since one of the aspects learned in such ethnography is observing how people organize things, which is directly associated with the researcher's form of data collection. Twenty-two considerations were identified, with data collection having the most elements described. Moreover, the importance of the anonymity of informants, third parties involved, and the institution where the study is a distinguishing ethical consideration of the incipient approach.

Artigo de revisão que responde ao objetivo de identificar as principais considerações éticas que os pesquisadores devem ter no desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa etnográfica institucional. Foi efetuada uma revisão do estado da arte, a partir da qual foram analisadas 298 teses de pós-graduação. Após a aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão e a eliminação de duplicados, restaram 14 documentos, que constituíram a amostra final. As considerações éticas identificadas foram estruturadas em três grupos: "planejamento e aspectos metodológicos", "coleta de dados" e "análise, apresentação dos resultados e tratamento dos dados após a conclusão do estudo". Os resultados identificados estão associados à essência distintiva da etnografia institucional enquanto abordagem incipiente, uma vez que um dos aspectos apreendidos nessa etnografia é o sentido de observar como as pessoas organizam as coisas, o que está diretamente associado à forma de coleta de dados desenvolvida pelo pesquisador. Conclusões: foram identificadas 22 considerações, sendo que a coleta de dados foi a que apresentou mais elementos descritos; destaca-se a importância do anonimato dos informantes, dos terceiros envolvidos e da mesma instituição onde se desenvolveu o estudo, pois foram as principais considerações éticas distintivas da abordagem incipiente.

Reporting of conflict of interests, source of funding, and ethics committee approval in randomized trials of three clinical specialties published in Spanish language

Background: Confidence in the results reported by randomized clinical trials (RCTs) depends mainly on the internal validity of the trial and its conduct, but also on other aspects related to health research such as the complete reporting of conflicts of interest (COI), funding sources and approval by ethics committees. Bias in the study results may arise from any one of these elements. Prior studies have explored the reporting of these items in the medical literature, but there are no reports on RCTs published in Spanish and Latin American journals. This study aimed to evaluate the reporting of COIs, funding sources, and approval by ethics committees of RCTs published in Spanish and Latin American journals in dentistry, geriatrics and neurology. Methods: We did a systematic retrospective survey of all RCTs published from 1990 to 2018 in dentistry, neurology, and geriatrics journals published in Spain and Latin America and included in the BADERI database (Iberoamerican journals and trials database by its initials in Spanish). We completed with hand searching. We included RCTs with a recoverable full text published between 1990 and 2018. We extracted data on sources of funding, COI statements, and ethics reviews. The extraction of these items in the RCTs included was done independently by two pairs of reviewers and in parallel for each article, with a third independent reviewer resolving discrepancies. We analysed compliance for each item. Results: We identified RCTs in 69 journals from Spain and Latin American countries. Dentistry accounted for 75% (n = 52) of the journals, neurology 20.6% (n = 14), and geriatrics 4.4% (n = 3). Of the total number of RCTs included in this study (n = 392), only 102 (26%) reported the presence or absence of a COI, 103 (26%) studies reported funding, and 43 (36%) included the ethics committee approval. Conclusions: RCTs published in the Spanish language in dentistry, neurology, and geriatrics had poor compliance with the reporting of a COI, source of funding, and ethics committee approval. Future research should evaluate the accuracy and completeness of COI statements and their relationship to the funding source and direction of the results.

Criterios exigidos en revistas odontológicas venezolanas para la publicación de la fotografía extraoral en casos clínicos / Criteria required in Venezuelan dental journals for the publication of the extraoral photographs in case reports

Objetivo. Describir los criterios exigidos en revistas odontológicas venezolanas para la publicación de la fotografía clínica extraoral en los casos clínicos publicados en el periodo 2010-2021. Métodos. Investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, alcance descriptivo y transversal. Se analizaron artículos científicos que incluyeran fotografías clínicas extraorales publicadas en revistas odontológicas venezolanas entre 2010 y 2021. Resultados. Se observó exigencia por parte de la editorial en las estrategias de preservación de identidad del paciente, sumado al uso del consentimiento informado para las publicaciones de fotografías clínicas extraorales de casos clínicos. Conclusiones. La revista Acta Odontológica hace mayor uso de consentimiento informado, además de utilizar el enmascaramiento y anonimato como método de preservación de la identidad en sus publicaciones.

Objective. To describe the criteria required in Venezuelan dental journals for the publication of extraoral clinical photography in clinical cases published in the period 2010- 2021. Methods. Research with a quantitative approach, descriptive scope, and cross-sectional design. Scientific articles that included extraoral clinical photographs published in Venezuelan dental journals between 2010 and 2021 were analyzed. Results. There was a need from the publisher in the strategies of preservation of the patient's identity, and to the use of informed consent for the publication of photographs. extraoral clinics of clinical cases. Conclusions. The Acta Odontológica journal makes greater use of in- formed consent, in addition to using masking and anonymity as a method of identity preservation in its publications.

Scientific publication speed and retractions of COVID-19 pandemic original articles / Velocidad de publicación y retractación de artículos originales sobre la pandemia de COVID-19 / Velocidade de publicação científica e retratação de artigos originais sobre a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the editorial processing time of published COVID-19 research articles and compare this with a similar topic, human influenza, and analyze the number of publications, withdrawals, and retractions. Methods. A descriptive-analytical study using PubMed on research articles with the MeSH terms human influenza and COVID-19. Time to acceptance (from submission to acceptance) and time to publication (from acceptance to publication) were compared. Retractions and withdrawals were reviewed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results. There were 31 319 research articles on COVID-19 and 4 287 on human influenza published during 2020. The median time to acceptance for COVID-19 was lower than that for human influenza (8 vs. 92 days). The median time to publication for COVID-19 articles was shorter than those on human influenza (12 vs. 16 days); 47.0% of COVID-19 research articles were accepted within the first week of submission, and 19.5% within one day. There were 82 retractions and withdrawals for COVID-19 articles, 1 for human influenza, and 5 for articles that contain both terms; these were mainly related to ethical misconduct, and 27 (31.0%) were published by the same group of authors in one highest-quartile journal. Conclusions. The conundrum between fast publishing and adequate standards is shown in this analysis of COVID-19 research articles. The speed of acceptance for COVID-19 manuscripts was 11.5 times faster than for human influenza. The high number of acceptances within a day or week of submission and the number of retractions and withdrawals of COVID-19 papers might be a warning sign about the possible lack of a quality control process in scientific publishing and the peer review process.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir el tiempo de procesamiento editorial de los artículos de investigación sobre la COVID-19 publicados, compararlo con un tema similar, la gripe humana, y analizar el número de publicaciones realizadas, el de artículos retirados y el de retractaciones. Métodos. Usando PubMed, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y analítico sobre artículos de investigación con los términos en inglés correspondientes a "gripe humana" y "COVID-19" en el MeSH. Se compararon el tiempo de aceptación (desde la presentación hasta la aceptación) y el tiempo de publicación (desde la aceptación hasta la publicación). Se examinaron las publicaciones retiradas y las retractaciones de manera cualitativa y cuantitativa. Resultados. Hubo 31 319 artículos de investigación sobre la COVID-19 y 4 287 sobre la gripe humana publicados en el año 2020. La mediana del tiempo de aceptación de los artículos sobre la COVID-19 fue inferior que la mediana de la gripe humana (8 días en contraste con 92 días). La mediana del tiempo de publicación de los artículos sobre la COVID-19 fue menor que la de los artículos sobre la gripe humana (12 días en contraste con 16 días). El 47,0 % de los artículos de investigación sobre la COVID-19 se aceptaron en la primera semana de presentación, y el 19,5 %, en un día. Hubo 82 retractaciones y retiradas de artículos sobre la COVID-19, una sobre la gripe humana y 5 de artículos que contenían ambos términos; estas retractaciones y retiradas estuvieron relacionadas principalmente con faltas de conducta ética. Además, hubo 27 artículos (31,0 %) publicados por el mismo grupo de autores en una revista de cuartil más alto. Conclusiones. El dilema entre la publicación rápida y unas normas adecuadas se muestra en este análisis de artículos de investigación sobre la COVID-19. La velocidad de aceptación de los manuscritos sobre la COVID-19 fue 11,5 veces mayor que la velocidad de aceptación de los artículos sobre la gripe humana. El alto número de aceptaciones en un día o una semana desde la presentación y el número de retractaciones y retiradas de artículos sobre la COVID-19 podría ser un signo de advertencia acerca de la posible falta de un proceso de control de calidad en las publicaciones científicas y especialmente en el proceso de arbitraje.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever o tempo de processamento editorial dos artigos de pesquisa publicados sobre COVID-19, compará-lo com o de artigos sobre um tema semelhante (gripe humana) e analisar o número de publicações, suspensões e retratações. Métodos. Estudo descritivo-analítico. Foi realizada uma busca no PubMed usando os descritores MeSH "human influenza" e "COVID-19". O tempo até a aceitação (da submissão à aceitação) e o tempo até a publicação (da aceitação à publicação) foram comparados. Retratações e suspensões foram analisadas qualitativa e quantitativamente. Resultados. Foram publicados 31 319 artigos de pesquisa sobre a COVID-19 e 4 287 sobre a gripe humana em 2020. O tempo médio de aceitação de artigos sobre COVID-19 foi menor que o de artigos sobre gripe humana (8 versus 92 dias). O tempo médio até publicação dos artigos sobre COVID-19 foi menor que o de artigos sobre gripe humana (12 versus 16 dias); 47,0% dos artigos sobre COVID-19 foram aceitos na primeira semana após a submissão, e 19,5%, dentro de um dia. Houve 82 retratações e suspensões de artigos sobre COVID-19, 1 sobre gripe humana, e 5 de artigos que continham ambos os termos, principalmente relacionadas a má conduta ética; 27 (31,0%) desses artigos foram publicados pelo mesmo grupo de autores, em uma revista do mais alto quartil. Conclusões. O dilema entre publicar rapidamente e manter padrões adequados fica claro nesta análise de artigos sobre COVID-19. Manuscritos sobre COVID-19 foram aceitos 11,5 vezes mais rapidamente do que artigos sobre gripe humana. O alto número de aceitações em um dia ou semana após a submissão e o número de retratações e suspensões de artigos sobre COVID-19 alertam sobre uma possível falta de controle de qualidade na publicação científica e no processo de revisão por pares.

Cambios de autoría al publicar los trabajos presentados en fórums nacionales estudiantiles

RESUMEN Introducción: Los problemas con la autoría de los artículos son frecuentes; sin embargo, en Cuba existen pocas investigaciones sobre el tema. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios de autoría en la publicación de los trabajos presentados en fórums nacionales estudiantiles de ciencias médicas en Cuba y sus factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio observacional y transversal con empleo de técnicas analíticas, que incluyó a la totalidad de los trabajos presentados en las ediciones 2016, 2017 y 2019 del Fórum Nacional de Ciencias Médicas. Mediante una estrategia de búsqueda en Google Académico se constató si los trabajos habían sido publicados en revistas científicas. Luego se identificaron los cambios en la autoría y se buscaron factores asociados. Se obtuvieron razones de prevalencia (RPa), intervalos de confianza al 95 % y valores p mediante modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados: De los 129 trabajos publicados, el 89,9 % (n= 116) tuvo cambios de autoría. En el análisis multivariado, hubo más frecuencia de cambios en los autores cuando los artículos se publicaron en revistas de profesionales (RPa: 1,29; IC 95 %: 1,11-1,50; p= 0,001) y cuando la publicación se dio posterior al evento (RPa: 1,20; IC 95 %: 1,01-1,42; p= 0,042); lo cual fue contrario cuando el autor para la correspondencia fue estudiante (RPa: 0,79; IC 95 %: 0,66-0,95; p= 0,010), ajustado por tres variables. Conclusiones: Casi la totalidad de los artículos tiene cambios en los autores y existen algunos factores asociados a una mayor o menor frecuencia en esos cambios (publicación, tiempo y autor corresponsal).

ABSTRACT Introduction: The problems with the articles' authorship are frequent; however, in Cuba there are few investigations on the topic. Objective: To determine the authorship changes in the publication of works presented in medical student forums at national level in Cuba and its associated factors. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study using analytical techniques, that included all the works presented in 2016, 2017 and 2019 editions of the medical student forums at national level. A Google Scholar search strategy was carried out in order to check if these works had been published in scientific journals. After, authorship changes were identified and associated factors were looked for. Prevalence ratios (aPR), 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) and p values using generalized linear models were obtained. Results: Of the 129 published works, 89,9 % (n= 116) had authorship changes. In the multivariate analysis, there was more frequency of authorship changes when the articles were published in professionals' journals (aPR: 1,29; IC 95 %: 1,11 - 1,50; p= 0,001) and when the publication occurred later to the event (aPR: 1,20; IC 95 %: 1,01 - 1,42; p= 0,042); that which was contrary when the corresponding author was a student (aPR: 0,79; IC 95 %: 0,66 - 0,95; p= 0,010), adjusted by three variables. Conclusion: Almost the entirety of the articles had authorship changes and some factors associated to a higher or smaller frequency in those changes were determined (publication, time and corresponding author).

Uso de acervos de imagens em pesquisas na Odontologia Legal: reflexões éticas, bioéticas e legais / Use of image collections in Forensic Dentistry research: ethical, bioethical and legal aspects

RESUMO: Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento dos artigos científicos que utilizaram acervos de imagem como fonte de pesquisa em Odontologia Legal e discutir essa utilização sob perspectivas éticas, bioéticas e legais. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca de artigos científicos nas bases de dados Lilacs, PubMed e Scielo entre os anos de 2015 e 2019 utilizando descritores nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Foram incluídos apenas artigos da área de Odontologia Legal que utilizaram acervos de imagem como fonte de informação. Foram excluídos es-tudos laboratoriais ou clínicos, arqueológicos ou antropológicos, relatos de caso ou artigos de revisão, estudos prospectivos ou que utilizaram exames de imagem não pertencentes a acervos. Resultados: Foram selecionados 171 artigos científicos. Desses, 22,80% (n=39) foram realizados por autores vinculados a instituições brasileiras, e 77,19% (n=132) mencionaram aprovação por comitê de ética em pesquisa ou instituição correspondente com (ou sem) necessidade de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Conclusão: Os acervos de imagem compreendem uma importante fonte de informação para pesquisas em Odontologia Legal dada a quantidade de pu-blicações realizadas no período avaliado. A maioria dos artigos mencionou aprovação ética e respeito à privacidade dos participantes, conforme os requisitos estabelecidos para dispensa do TCLE. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Objective: To conduct a quantitative survey of scientific articles that used image collections as source of research in Forensic Dentistry and discuss its use from ethical, bioethical and legal perspectives. Material and Methods:A search for scientific articles published and available on Lilacs, PubMed and Scielo databases was carried out from 2015 to 2019 using keywords in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Articles in the area of Forensic Dentistry that used image collections as a source of information were included. Laboratory or clinical, archaeological or anthro-pological studies, case reports or review articles, prospective studies or that used imaging exams not belonging to collections were excluded. Results: 171 scientific articles were included. 22.80% (n = 39) were carried out by authors from Brazilian institutions, and 77.19% (n = 132) mentioned approval by a research ethics committee or corresponding institution with (or without) use of signed Informed Consent Form (ICF). Conclusion: Image col-lections are an important source of information for research in Forensic Dentistry, considering the number of publi-cations during the study period. Most of the articles mentioned ethical approval and respect for participant privacy according to the requirements established for waiver of the ICF. (AU)

Workshop 2019: Encuentro de Editores de Revistas Médico Científicas / Workshop 2019: Meeting of Medical Scientific Journal Editors

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los encuentros académicos públicos de expertos en divulgación cien-tífica que a través de órganos de registro y difusión oficial de revistas promueven el progreso de la ciencia, son un canal de comunicación entre la comunidad científica, tra-ducen el conocimiento de las disciplinas, educan y actualizan al profesional en sus roles de autor, lector, revisor, editor. Se fundamentan en políticas públicas y conducta ética. OBJETIVO. Describir las memorias del encuentro de editores, noviembre 2019, como insumo para las autoridades competentes que contribuya a establecer políticas y estrate-gias que permitan elevar la calidad científica, así como el proceso editorial de las revistas científicas en salud del Ecuador. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, con población y muestra conocida, obtención de la información en el sistema de gestión documental del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, noviembre 2019. RESULTADOS. Estadística descriptiva del perfil de los asistentes, descripción de problemas, soluciones y aportes. CONCLUSIÓN. Obtención de insumos del encuentro de editores en las "Buenas Prácticas del Proceso Editorial". Organización, estructura, norma, rol del equipo editorial, revisión de pares y Plan Anual de Capacitación Continua.

INTRODUCTION. Public academic meetings of experts in scientific dissemination that through the registration and official dissemination bodies of journals promote the progress of science, are a channel of communication between the scientific community, transla-te knowledge of the disciplines, educate and update the professional in their roles as author, reader, reviewer, editor. They are based on public policies and ethical conduct. OBJECTIVE. Describe the memories of the meeting of editors, November 2019, as an input for the competent authorities that contributes to establishing policies and strategies that allow raising scientific quality, as well as the editorial process of scientific journals in health in Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive study, with a population and a known sample, obtaining the information in the document management system of the Carlos Andrade Marin Specialties Hospital, November 2019. RESULTS. Descriptive statistics of the assistants profile, description of problems, solutions and contributions. CONCLUSION. Obtaining inputs from the meeting of editors in the "Good Practices of the Editorial Process". Organization, structure, norm, role of the editorial team, peer review and Annual Continuous Training Plan.

Ética e bioética no mundo científico: uma revisão integrativa / Ética y bioética en el mundo científico: una revisión integradora de la literatura / Ethics and Bioethics in the Scientific World: An Integrative Review

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar, por meio da literatura, a realidade das questões éticas e bioéticas no mundo científico. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada com artigos contidos em três bases de dados. Foram utilizados sete Descritores em Ciências da Saúde, a partir dos quais foram elaboradas três combinações utilizadas em todas as bases. Após aplicar os critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 18 artigos. As más condutas, especialmente o plágio, a falsificação e fabricação de dados vêm apresentando comportamento crescente e requerem medidas mais severas para seu controle, a fim de manter a credibilidade científica perante a sociedade e os órgãos superiores.

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar, por medio de la literatura, la realidad de las cuestiones éticas y bioéticas en el mundo científico. Esta es una revisión integradora, realizada con artículos de tres bases. Se utilizaron siete Descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud, desde los cuales se elaboraron tres combinaciones que se utilizaron en todas las bases. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron 18 artículos. La mala conducta, especialmente el plagio, falsificación y fabricación de datos, ha mostrado un comportamiento creciente y requiere medidas más estrictas para controlarlo a fin de mantener la credibilidad científica con la sociedad y las instituciones superiores.

Abstract This paper studies the reality of ethical and bioethical issues in the scientific world through an integrative literature review of articles included in three databases. Seven terms from the thesaurus Health Sciences Descriptors were used, from which three combinations were elaborated and used in the three databases. After applying inclusion requirements, a total of 18 articles were selected. Certain misconducts, particularly plagiarism, falsification and data fabrication, have been showing an increasing behavior, which requires more stringent measures in order to control such phenomenon and maintain scientific credibility before society and authorities.

Percepción de los profesores de universidades peruanas respecto a la conducta responsable en investigación / Perception of professors at Peruvian universities regarding responsable conduct in research

RESUMEN Fundamento: Para orientar esfuerzos y estrategias al logro de una conducta responsable en investigación, es de suma importancia conocer el estado de opinión de investigadores consolidados, de manera que se pueda esclarecer cómo se ven a sí mismos y cómo perciben el contexto en que se desempeñan. Objetivo: caracterizar la percepción de los profesores de universidades peruanas respecto a la conducta responsable en investigación. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, que incluyó a 70 docentes universitarios, pertenecientes a las respectivas cátedras de metodología de la investigación de tres universidades de Perú. En función de la variable conducta responsable en investigación, se establecieron tres dimensiones (conceptual, personal, institucional), con sus respectivos indicadores; y de estos, a su vez, derivaron las preguntas de una encuesta. Resultados: en la dimensión conceptual, se manifestó un escaso conocimiento acerca de situaciones de conducta no responsable en investigación en el 64,29 % de los docentes encuestados. Solo en el 28,6 % de los encuestados las respuestas evidenciaron que sí son responsables en el plano individual. En cuanto al rol de las instituciones educativas en general, la gran mayoría, el 58,6 %, expresó que estas muestran algún interés por el tema. Conclusión: los profesores de universidades peruanas perciben la conducta responsable en investigación como medianamente favorable. En su práctica individual, la mayoría no cumple con la totalidad de los principios éticos elementales al investigar. Respecto al papel de la universidad, el criterio que prevaleció fue que esta no muestra todo el interés que debería.

ABSTRACT Foundation: For guiding efforts and strategies to achieve responsible research behavior, it is of utmost importance to know the state of established researcher's opinion, so that they can clarify how they see themselves and how they perceive the context in which they perform. Objective: to characterize the perception of Peruvian universities professors regarding the responsible behavior in research. Methods: descriptive, exploratory study, which included 70 university professors, belonging to the respective chairs of research methodology in three universities in Peru. Based on the variable responsible behavior in research, three dimensions were established (conceptual, personal, institutional), with their corresponding indicators; and from these, in turn, questions from a survey were derived. Results: in the conceptual dimension, there was little knowledge about situations of non-responsible behavior in research in 64.29% of the professors surveyed. Only in 28.6% show that they are individually responsible. Regarding the role of educational institutions in general, the vast majority, 58.6%, expressed that they show some interest in the topic. Conclusion: Peruvian universities professors perceive responsible behavior in research as moderately favorable. In their individual practice, most do not comply with all of the basic ethical principles when investigating. Regarding the role of the university, the prevailing criterion was that it does not show all the interest it should.

Ética de la revisión por pares en publicaciones científicas / Ethics of peer reviewing in scientific publications

RESUMEN La revisión por pares garantiza que los materiales publicados sean válidos y confiables, tanto como sea posible. El objetivo fue reconocer la importancia del trabajo de los revisores en las publicaciones científicas médicas y de la observación de los aspectos éticos durante su desempeño. Las revisiones por pares pueden ser a ciegas, a doble ciegas o abiertas, cada una de ellas con ventajas y desventajas. Durante las publicaciones de resultados de investigaciones científicas pueden producirse sesgos por parte de los revisores. Entre los sesgos de los revisores relacionados con faltas éticas se encuentran: los incumplimientos en plazos de revisión, la superficialidad de las revisiones, el lenguaje ofensivo contra editores o autores, el "amiguismo cognitivo" y el "sesgo de ego" por propia voluntad, entre otros. No obstante, es posible implementar acciones para minimizar los sesgos relacionados con esas faltas éticas. El trabajo de los revisores es digno de reconocer, teniendo en cuenta que casi siempre es realizado durante el tiempo libre, de forma voluntaria y por personas de alto prestigio como investigadores. En el mundo actual esta labor ha sido amenazada con la proliferación de revistas predadoras, pero también destacan los intentos para su reivindicación y promoción, como el del sitio web Publons. En el trabajo de los revisores intervienen múltiples factores, a veces contradictorios: intereses, deberes, derechos; pero todos ellos deben ponderarse sobre la base de una sólida formación y desempeño éticos (AU).

ABSTRACT Peer reviews guarantee published materials be as valid and reliable as it be possible. Recognize reviewers' work importance on scientific medical publication as well as the ethics issues to be accomplished during their performance. Development: Peer reviews could be single blind, double blind or open, each one with its advantages and disadvantages. During scientific research results publications, peer reviewer biases could be occurred. Some peer reviewer biases are related to ethical mistakes: no fulfillment of time limits, superficial evaluations, offense languages against editors or authors, at will cognitive cronyism and "ego bias", among others. Nevertheless, measures' implementation to minimize biases related to ethical mistakes is possible. The reviewers' work is suitable to be recognized, taking into account it is done almost all the times on free time, without financial compensation and by researchers with recognized prestige. In the present word, even when this work has been threat by predatory journals spreads, some intent to do it justice and promotion are highlight, as do the website Publons. Multiple factors, contradictory sometime, are involved in the reviewers' work: interests, duties, rights; but all of them should be pondering over the base of a solid ethic education and behavior (AU).

¿Por qué enunciar las limitaciones del estudio? / Why to outline the limitations of the study?

RESUMEN Expresar las limitaciones de un estudio, a pesar de ser un aspecto importante en los artículos científicos, es una tarea que los autores tienden a evitar. Por ello, la gran mayoría de las investigaciones que llegan a publicarse, lo hacen omitiendo este apartado. Aunque la responsabilidad de este fenómeno recae sobre todo en los autores, también corresponde a los revisores promover y exigir que se evidencien las limitaciones de los trabajos que revisan. Estas pueden ser de tipo metodológicas, o bien estar relacionadas con el investigador. Omitirlas dejaría ocultas fallas que se podrían volver a repetir. Es necesario concebirlas como una oportunidad, incluso, las limitaciones del propio estudio pueden ser la inspiración para otro investigador.

ABSTRACT Expressing the limitations of a study, in spite of being an important issue in scientific articles, is a task which most authors tend to avoid. This is the reason why, most published research are lacking this information. Although the responsibility about this phenomenon is the author's, it is also reviewers' duty to promote and demand that limitations of the research they review are reported. These may be of a methodological type or be related to the researcher. It is necessary to perceive them as an opportunity, even the limitations of a study could encourage other researchers for new works.

Fake Peer Review and Inappropriate Authorship Are Real Evils

Inappropriate authorship and other fraudulent publication strategies are pervasive. Here, I deal with contribution disclosures, authorship disputes versus plagiarism among collaborators, kin co-authorship, gender bias, authorship trade, and fake peer review (FPR). In contrast to underserved authorship and other ubiquitous malpractices, authorship trade and FPR appear to concentrate in some Asian countries that exhibit a mixed academic pattern of rapid growth and poor ethics. It seems that strong pressures to publish coupled with the incessantly growing number of publications entail a lower quality of published science in part attributable to a poor, compromised or even absent (in predatory journals) peer review. In this regard, the commitment of Publons to strengthen this fundamental process and ultimately ensure the quality and integrity of the published articles is laudable. Because the many recommendations for adherence to authorship guidelines and rules of honest and transparent research reporting have been rather ineffective, strong deterrents should be established to end manipulated peer review, undeserved authorship, and related fakeries.

Retracción de artículos biomédicos y sus implicaciones éticas / Retraction of Biomedical Articles and its Ethical Implications / Retratação de artigos médicos e suas implicações éticas

Resumen La retracción es un mecanismo que permite la corrección de la literatura científica. Este artículo pretende demostrar que las retracciones han aumentado de manera progresiva, y sobresalen las del ámbito médico. Metodológicamente es un artículo de revisión bibliográfica, cuyos datos estadísticos se obtuvieron de estudios sobre artículos retractados, publicados entre el 2012 y el 2017, en inglés, desde las bases de datos de PubMed y Google Scholar. Entre los resultados sobresalientes se encuentran como causas más frecuentes de retracción: plagio, mala conducta, errores, fabricación y duplicación. La mayor incidencia reportada fue en Estados Unidos (EE. UU.), India, China, Japón y Alemania. El mayor índice de retracción fue para las revistas de factor de impacto bajo. El tiempo transcurrido para la retracción es largo, aunque ha disminuido. Esto permite que se citen estos artículos y se origine así una mala ciencia. Se concluye que se requiere de uniformidad en las notas y las reglas de retracción, así como señalizar de forma adecuada los artículos retractados, además de disminuir el tiempo para que esta se efectúe. En relación con la bioética, se revela un grave problema en la integridad de la literatura científica, así como un posible impacto de las retracciones en la salud de las personas.

Abstract Retraction is a mechanism to correct scientific literature. This article aims to demonstrate that retractions have gradually increased, especially in the medical field. Methodologically, it is a literature review article whose statistical data were obtained from studies on retraction articles published in English between 2012 to 2017 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Some of the most frequent causes of retraction found were plagiarism, misconduct, errors, fabrication and duplication. The highest incidence rate was reported in the United States, India, China, Japan and Germany. The highest retraction rate was for low-impact journals. The time for retraction is long but has decreased, which allows these articles to be cited and bad science to arise. It is concluded that uniformity is needed in notes and rules of retraction, retracted articles should be marked appropriately, and time for retraction must be reduced. In relation to bioethics, there is a serious problem in the integrity of scientific literature and a possible impact of retractions on the health of people.

Resumo A retratação é um mecanismo que permite a correção da literatura científica. Este artigo pretende demonstrar que as retratações vêm aumentando e que as do âmbito médico têm se ressaltado. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão bibliográfica, cujos dados estatísticos foram obtidos de estudos sobre artigos retratados, publicados entre 2012 e 2017, em inglês, das bases de dados de PubMed e Google Scholar. Entre os resultados destacados, encontram-se como causas mais frequentes de retratação: plágio, má conduta, erros, fabricação e duplicação. A maior incidência relatada foi nos Estados Unidos, na Índia, na China, no Japão e na Alemanha. O maior índice de retratação foi para as revistas de fator de impacto baixo. O tempo transcorrido para a retratação é longo, embora tenha diminuído. Isso permite que esses artigos sejam citados e seja originada uma má ciência. Conclui-se que se requer de padronização nas notas de retratação ou erratas, bem como indicar, de forma adequada, os artigos retratados, além de diminuir o tempo para que isso ocorra. Quanto à bioética, revela-se um grave problema na integridade da literatura científica e um possível impacto das retratações na saúde das pessoas.

The role of ethics and research integrity in the training of health professionals and in the development of human research / O papel da ética e da integridade da pesquisa na formação dos profissionais da saúde e no desenvolvimento da pesquisa com seres humanos

ABSTRACT This paper presents a review of issues concerning research integrity and ethics. The components of research integrity and ethical behavior are critical for education in institutions. These aspects are essential when engaging in research and for the identification of these elements in research papers. This knowledge will contribute to successful and evidence-based approaches when individuals are working with patients, teaching, or engaging in research.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma revisão das questões relativas à integridade e à ética na pesquisa. Os componentes da integridade da pesquisa e do comportamento ético são críticos para a educação nas instituições. Esses aspectos são essenciais para a pesquisa e a identificação desses elementos em trabalhos de pesquisa. Esse conhecimento contribuirá para o sucesso e abordagens baseadas em evidências quando os indivíduos estiverem trabalhando com pacientes, ensinando ou participando de pesquisas.

Buenas prácticas y principios éticos: más necesarios que nunca / Good practices and ethical principles: as necessary as ever

Nos encontramos atravesando un momento en el cual se están dando a conocer faltas a la ética en la función pública que habían venido ocurriendo a todo nivel. Es importante conocer los códigos de ética y buenas prácticas de cada una de las funciones que se desempeñan. En el ámbito de las publicaciones científicas, es muy recomendable que todos los investigadores que deseen realizar publicaciones conozcan las buenas prácticas científicas y los principios éticos básicos de las publicaciones en ciencias. La gran mayoría de revistas médicas se guían por las recomendaciones del Comité Internacional de Editores de Revistas Médicas (ICMJE) y en lo referente a las faltas éticas, por los lineamientos del Comité deÉtica en Publicaciones (COPE). Faltas frecuentes que se pueden encontrar en las revistas locales son problemas de autoría, publicación redundante y plagio y falta de declaración de conflicto de interés. En el presente artículo brindamos enlaces a recursos de autoaprendizaje en estos temas y enfatizamos la importancia de su amplia diseminación.

We are going through a moment in which acts of disregard to the ethics in the public function are being disclosed at all levels. It is important to know the codes of ethics and good practices of each of the functions performed. In the field of scientific publications, it is highly recommended that all researchers who wish to publish their studies get to know the good scientific practices and the basic ethical principles of publications in science. The vast majority of medical journals are guided by the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and with respect to ethical shortcomings, by the guidelines of the COPE (Committee on Ethics in Publications). Frequent examples of scientific misconduct that can be found in local magazines are problems of authorship, redundant publication and plagiarism and lack of declaration of conflict of interest. In the present article we provide links to self-learning resources on these topics and we emphasize the importance of their wide dissemination.

O desafio da qualidade e integridade das publicações científicas / El reto de la calidad y la integridad de las publicaciones científicas / The challenge of the quality and integrity of scientific publications

The increasing importance of the sciences raises issues related to the validity, veracity, relevance, usefulness, accountability and sustainability of the products of scientific practice. Therefore, practices that compromise the integrity of scientific research are fundamental, both by researchers and by scientific journals. In 2016, the Brazilian Journal of Family and Community Medicine (RBMFC) refused 14 papers that had problems with plagiarism, which represents approximately 10% of the submissions of the year. We consider this a serious problem that requires greater attention and care from authors who intend to contribute to the journal. The editorial policy of RBMFC values the quality of its publications, respecting internationally accepted ethical principles and integrity of scientific research

La creciente importancia de la ciencia plantea preguntas acerca de la validez, veracidad, relevancia, utilidad, responsabilidad y sostenibilidad de los productos de la práctica científica. En 2016, la Revista Brasileña de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (RBMFC) negó 14 artículos con problemas de plagio, lo que representa aproximadamente el 10% de las sumisiones del año. Consideramos que esto sea un problema grave que requiere una mayor atención y cuidado por los autores que deseen contribuir a la revista. La política editorial de RBMFC valora la calidad de sus publicaciones, respetando los principios de la integridad científica internacionalmente aceptados.

A crescente importância das ciências levanta questões relacionadas à validade, veracidade, relevância, utilidade, accountability e sustentabilidade dos produtos da prática científica. Portanto, as práticas que atentem para a integridade da pesquisa científica são fundamentais, tanto por parte dos pesquisadores quanto por parte da revistas científicas. Em 2016, a Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (RBMFC) recusou 14 trabalhos que apresentavam problemas de plagiarismo, o que representa aproximadamente 10% das submissões do ano. Consideramos este um sério problema, que exige maior atenção e cuidado por parte dos autores que pretendem contribuir com a revista. A política editorial da RBMFC preza pela qualidade de suas publicações, respeitando princípios éticos e de integridade da pesquisa científica aceitos internacionalmente.

Plagiarism in the Context of Education and Evolving Detection Strategies

Plagiarism may take place in any scientific journals despite currently employed anti-plagiarism tools. The absence of widely acceptable definitions of research misconduct and reliance solely on similarity checks do not allow journal editors to prevent most complex cases of recycling of scientific information and wasteful, or ‘predatory,’ publishing. This article analyses Scopus-based publication activity and evidence on poor writing, lack of related training, emerging anti-plagiarism strategies, and new forms of massive wasting of resources by publishing largely recycled items, which evade the ‘red flags’ of similarity checks. In some non-Anglophone countries ‘copy-and-paste’ writing still plagues pre- and postgraduate education. Poor research management, absence of courses on publication ethics, and limited access to quality sources confound plagiarism as a cross-cultural and multidisciplinary phenomenon. Over the past decade, the advent of anti-plagiarism software checks has helped uncover elementary forms of textual recycling across journals. But such a tool alone proves inefficient for preventing complex forms of plagiarism. Recent mass retractions of plagiarized articles by reputable open-access journals point to critical deficiencies of current anti-plagiarism software that do not recognize manipulative paraphrasing and editing. Manipulative editing also finds its way to predatory journals, ignoring the adherence to publication ethics and accommodating nonsense plagiarized items. The evolving preventive strategies are increasingly relying on intelligent (semantic) digital technologies, comprehensively evaluating texts, keywords, graphics, and reference lists. It is the right time to enforce adherence to global editorial guidance and implement a comprehensive anti-plagiarism strategy by helping all stakeholders of scholarly communication.